![]() In the current study a minimum score of 25 in the Mini-Mental State Examination was required for inclusion in the healthy adult control group, with two 24–point exceptions being admitted in light of their adequate level of cognitive performance. The Finnish version of the CERAD test battery was included in this assessment, but was not used for group classification. ![]() All participants underwent an extensive neuropsychological assessment (for an example, see Kemppainen et al. criteria, whereas patients with AD satisfied the DSM-IV criteria for dementia as well as the NINCDS-ADRDA (National Institute of Neurological and Communicative Disorders and Stroke/Alzheimer’s Disease and Related Disorders Association) criteria for probable AD. The diagnosis of MCI was performed according to the Petersen et al. Both studies were performed in accordance with relevant guidelines and regulations and were approved by the Joint Ethical Committee of the University of Turku and Turku University City Hospital. The data used in this study has been collected as part of the DEMPET and TWINPIB research projects conducted at the National PET-Centre in Turku, Finland over many years. Thus, our purpose in the current study was to examine if WM changes are related to cognitive function in older adults, patients with MCI and patients with AD, and whether there would be differences in the effects between the groups. Increasing our knowledge of the effects that vascular changes can have on cognition would be especially relevant for clinicians working in cognitive assessment with MCI and AD patients. However, comparing the differences of the effects on cognitive functions between the groups has not typically been the main focus. have described WM lesions as affecting cognition both directly and indirectly through grey matter thickness, similarly for both cognitively healthy and cognitively impaired (MCI/AD). For example increased WM lesion load has been found to correlate with cognitive impairment in patients with AD, and shown to predict the rate of cognitive decline in AD. Some studies have examined the effects of vascular brain changes on cognitive function in mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and AD. ![]() Additionally, cerebrovascular risk factors such as hypertension, smoking, and diabetes are also risk factors for AD. Furthermore, comorbid vascular brain changes are often present in patients with Alzheimer’s disease (AD), with a number of WM pathways having been implicated as manifesting significant degeneration in AD. The functional consequences of these brain changes are related to their severity and extent, and can range from almost none via mild cognitive decline to dementia. The potential role of this unique effect for quick detection purposes of AD is assessed (in the 75-89 years age range, sensitivity and specificity equal 0.813 and 0.917, respectively).Aging is often associated with vascular white matter (WM) brain pathology. #Pathological aging trialThe most dramatic difference is that between the "normal" group and the AD patients, which shows relatively poorer performance for the AD group in the delayed trial than in the first learning trial. ![]() Also, the two pathological groups significantly differed from "normal" groups in the delayed trial of the test. Likewise, the improvement associated with about 5 years of education is equivalent to about 1 year less of normal aging. The effects of pathology (MCI and AD) can be expressed in a metric of "years of normal decline by age" specifically, being MCI means suffering an impairment in performance that is equivalent to the decline of a normal individual during 15 years, whereas the impact of AD is equivalent to 22.7 years. The results show that all age, MCI, and AD groups learned across the five learning trials of that test, but significant differences were found due to age, pathology, and education. ![]() To address this question, participants coming from four studies (Longitudinal Study of Active Aging, age range, 55-75 years, N = 458 Longitudinal Study in the very old, age range, 90-102, N = 188, and Cognitive Plasticity within the Course of Cognitive Impairment, 97 "Normal", 57 mild cognitive impairment, and 98 Alzheimer's disease patients) were examined through a measure of verbal learning (developed from Rey). Abstract : The main goal of the present study is to examine to what extent age and cognitive impairment contribute to learning performance (cognitive plasticity, cognitive modifiability, or learning potential). ![]()
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